What Is The Actualgene Makeup Called?
Glossary of Terms
A B C D E F Yard H I J Chiliad 50 One thousand N O P Q R Due south T U Five W X Y Z
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- A -
- albinism
- the genetically inherited condition in which there is a marked deficiency of pigmentation in peel, hair, and optics. An individual with these traits is an "albino." Since the gene for albinism is recessive, it but shows up in the phenotype of homozygous recessive people. This is a pleiotropic trait.
- alleles
- alternate forms or varieties of a gene. The alleles for a trait occupy the same locus or position on homologous chromosomes and thus govern the same trait. However, because they are unlike, their action may result in dissimilar expressions of that trait.
- amino acids
- small molecules that are the components of proteins. At that place are 20 different kinds of amino acids in living things. Proteins are composed of different combinations of amino acids assembled in chain-like molecules. Amino acids are primarily composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
- Angelman syndrome
- a rare genetically inherited course of mental retardation due to the deletion or inactivation of specific genes on chromosome 15. The inheritance of this syndrome is subject to genome imprinting. Children with Angleman syndrome typically also have small heads, experience seizures, have pronounced speech communication impairment, are hyperactive, and have balance disorders.
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- B -
- blending theory
- an incorrect 19th century theory about the inheritance of characteristics. It proposed that inherited traits blend from generation to generation. Through his plant cross-breeding experiments, Gregor Mendel proved that this was wrong
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- C -
- carrier
- an individual who is heterozygous for a trait that merely shows upwardly in the phenotype of those who are homozygous recessive. Carriers often practise non evidence any signs of the trait but can laissez passer it on to their offspring. This is the instance with hemophilia.
- cataract
- an impairment of vision caused by the lenses of the optics becoming cloudy. Cataracts are mutual in elderly people. They may be inherited or acquired by diabetes and ecology factors.
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- chronic affliction
- an illness that lasts for a long period of time or indefinitely. In contrast, an acute disease is one with a rapid onset and a brusque only ordinarily severe course.
- chromosomes
- thread-similar, gene-carrying bodies in the nucleus of a prison cell. Chromosomes are composed primarily of Dna and protein. They are visible only under magnification during certain stages of cell sectionalization. Humans have 46 chromosomes in each somatic cell and 23 in each sex cell.
- codominance
- the state of affairs in which two different alleles for a trait are expressed unblended in the phenotype of heterozygous individuals. Neither allele is ascendant or recessive, so that both appear in the phenotype or influence it. Type AB claret is an instance. Such traits are said to be codominant.
- cross-pollination
- the mating of two genetically different plants of the aforementioned species. Usually, the term is used in reference to the crossing of two pure convenance (homozygous) plants.
- cystic fibrosis
- a genetically inherited disease in children that results in chronic fluid evolution in the lungs, making breathing difficult. This disease also prevents normal absorption of fats and other nutrients from food. Cystic fibrosis occurs as a result of inheriting a recessive allele for information technology from both parents. This is ultimately a fatal disease, only with modernistic medical intendance, about two/3 of the people with it survive into early on adulthood. Almost 30,000 people have cystic fibrosis in the U.S. today.
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- D -
- diabetes
- an inherited metabolic disorder in which there are abnormally high blood sugar levels. In advanced stages, this often results in blindness from cataracts, nerve damage, gangrene in the anxiety and legs leading to amputation, heart disease, and kidney failure. Type 1 diabetes melitis (juvenile onset diabetes) is due to decreased production of insulin by the pancreas. Type ii diabetes melitis is due to increased resistance of cells in the torso to insulin. The gene or genes for diabetes are incompletely penetrant.
- dominant allele
- an allele that masks the presence of a recessive allele in the phenotype. Dominant alleles for a trait are usually expressed if an private is homozygous dominant or heterozygous.
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acrid )
- a big organic molecule that stores the genetic lawmaking for the synthesis of proteins. Deoxyribonucleic acid is composed of sugars, phosphates and bases arranged in a double helix shaped molecular structure. Segments of DNA in chromosomes correspond to specific genes.
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- evolution
- genetic alter in a population of organisms that occurs over time. The term is also frequently used to refer to the advent of a new species.
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- F -
- f1 generation
- the showtime offspring (or filial) generation. The next and subsequent generations are referred to as f2, f3, etc.
- fragile-X syndrome
- a relatively common genetically inherited abnormality of the Ten chromosome which results in mental retardation. Since it is an X-linked trait, males more oftentimes have it expressed in their phenotypes. Most frail-X males take large testes, big ears, narrow faces, and sensory integration dysfunctions that upshot in learning disabilities. It is likely to occur 1 in 1000 births. Approximately i in 700 females are carriers of the gene for this trait.
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- G -
- gene catamenia
- the transference of genes from one population to another, usually equally a event of migration. The loss or addition of individuals can easily alter the gene puddle frequencies of both the recipient and donor populations--that is, they can evolve.
- gene pool
- all of the genes in all of the individuals in a convenance population. More precisely, it is the commonage genotype of a population.
- genes
- units of inheritance usually occurring at specific locations, or loci, on a chromosome. Physically, a gene is a sequence of DNA bases that specify the order of amino acids in an entire protein or, in some cases, a portion of a poly peptide. A cistron may exist made up of hundreds of thousands of Dna bases. Genes are responsible for the hereditary traits in plants and animals.
- genetic drift
- evolution, or change in gene pool frequencies, resulting from random chance. Genetic migrate occurs most rapidly in pocket-size populations. In big populations, random deviations in allele frequencies in one direction are more likely to be cancelled out past random changes in the opposite direction.
- genetics
- the study of factor structure and activity and the patterns of inheritance of traits from parent to offspring. Genetic mechanisms are the underlying foundation for evolutionary modify. Genetics is the branch of scientific discipline that deals with the inheritance of biological characteristics.
- genome
- the full genetic complement of an individual (or of a species). In humans, it is estimated that each individual possesses approximately 2.9 billion base units in his or her Dna. Come across Human Genome Project.
- genome imprinting
- an inheritance pattern in which a factor will have a unlike outcome depending on the gender of the parent from whom it is inherited. Genome imprinting is too known as genetic imprinting.
- genotype
- the genetic makeup of an individual. Genotype can refer to an organism's entire genetic makeup or the alleles at a item locus. See phenotype.
- gout
- a genetically inherited metabolic disorder in which there is an imbalance of uric acid in the claret which causes a build up of urates in joint areas. Symptoms include painfully inflamed joints, especially of the feet and hands, that tin go chronic and result in deformity. Usually, only one articulation is involved, most unremarkably the base of a big toe. Gout is a sexual activity-controlled trait, unremarkably being more astringent in men.
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- H -
- hemophilia
- an X-linked genetically inherited recessive disease in which one or more of the normal blood clotting factors is not produced. This results in prolonged bleeding from even modest cuts and injuries. Bloated joints caused by internal bleeding is a common problem for hemophiliacs. Hemophilia most often afflicts males.
- heterozygous
- a genotype consisting of ii different alleles of a gene for a particular trait (Aa). Individuals who are heterozygous for a trait are referred to every bit heterozygotes. Run across homozygous.
- HLA organisation
- the torso'southward genetically inherited arrangement for recognizing and rejecting strange tissues, such as transplanted organs. The HLA system has the most genes of any other known man multiple-allele series. There are at least xxx,000,000 possible HLA genotypes. HLA stands for "human leukocyte antigen" .
- homeotic gene
- see regulator gene.
- homologous chromosomes
- chromosomes that are paired during the production of of sex cells in meiosis. Such chromosomes are akin with regard to size and also position of the centromere. They also take the same genes, simply non necessarily the aforementioned alleles, at the aforementioned locus or location.
- homozygous
- having the same allele at the aforementioned locus on both members of a pair of homologous chromosomes. Homozygous as well refers to a genotype consisting of two identical alleles of a gene for a item trait. An individual may be homozygous ascendant (AA) or homozygous recessive (aa). Individuals who are homozygous for a trait are referred to as homozygotes. Run into heterozygous.
- Human Genome Projection
- a multinational inquiry effort designed to identify and map the location of all human genes. The idea of a Human Genome Project began at a 1984 international conference in Utah. Research to decode the human genome began in hostage in 1986, funded by the U.South. Section of Energy. The initial stage of discovering all human Dna codons was completed early in 2001 at a price of 2.vii billion dollars. The next phase of research will be to identify the proteins for which these genes code. This decoding of the human proteome will be an even more daunting task than the original Homo Genome Project. Run into genome.
- Huntington'south affliction
- a astringent genetically inherited fatal degenerative nervus disorder. The symptoms usually do not appear until early on middle age. In that location is a progressive loss of musculus control that inevitably leads to paralysis and death. This disease is too called Huntington's chorea .
- hybrids
- offspring that are the issue of mating between ii genetically different kinds of parents--the opposite of purebred.
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- I -
- incomplete penetrance
- the situation in which an allele is expressed but if certain factors are present in the surroundings. The triggering of genetically inherited diabetes by obesity and possibly severe emotional stress is an instance.
- intermediate expression
- the state of affairs in which a heterozygous genotype results in a phenotype that is intermediate between those resulting from the homozygous genotypes. The mid-range baritone male vox is an example.
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- J -
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- G -
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- L -
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- M -
- meiosis
- cell sectionalization in specialized tissues of ovaries and testes which results in the product of sperm or ova. Meiosis involves two divisions and results in four daughter cells, each containing only one-half the original number of chromosomes--23 in the case of humans.
- Mendelian genetics
- inheritance patterns which can be explained past elementary rules of potency and recessiveness of genes.
- modifying gene
- a gene that can alter the expression of some other gene in the phenotype of an private.
- monozygotic twins
- identical twins. Twins that come up from the same zygote are essentially the same genetically. Differences between monozygotic twins afterwards in life are most e'er the result of environmental influences rather than genetic inheritance. Congenial twins may look similar but are not genetically identical.
- multiple-allele series
- a situation in which a gene has more 2 alleles. The ABO blood type arrangement is an instance. Multiple-allele serial only partly follow simple Mendelian genetics.
- multiple sclerosis (MS)
- a genetically inherited progressive disease of the central nervous system. MS occurs as a consequence of one's own immune arrangement attacking the insulating sheath that ordinarily protects neurons. Symptoms range from numbness and tingling to paralysis. At that place is a loss of motor and cognitive functions. The gene(s) responsible for MS are incompletely penetrant in that the onset of the disease is evidently triggered by a virus and possibly other environmental factors. There is a correlation between the amount of sunlight that children are exposed to and the likelihood that they will develop MS after in life. People who spend much of their first xvi years in tropical and subtropical regions of the world are much less likely to develop this disease than those who alive in far northern and far southern regions of our planet. Information technology is believed that the lack of abundant sun exposure early on in life is somehow responsible for the later onset of MS.
- muscular dystrophy (Medico)
- whatever of a group of inherited progressive muscle disorders caused by a defect in one or more genes that control muscle function. Md is characterized past a gradual, irreversible wasting of skeletal muscle. It is a sexual activity-linked trait most ofttimes passed on to sons past their mothers. The most mutual form, Duchene Doctor, begins to weaken the legs of boys past age iii and inevitably gets worse with each passing twelvemonth. There is no cure for this disorder, and it usually results in death earlier the age of 30.
- mutation
- an amending of genetic cloth such that a new variation is produced. For instance, a trait that has only one allele (A) tin mutate to a new class (a). This is the merely mechanism of evolution that tin can produce new alleles of a gene.
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- O -
- ovum (plural ova )
- a female person sex activity cell or gamete.
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- P -
- pangenesis
- Charles Darwin'south wrong theory about the inheritance of traits. He proposed that hereditary particles in the trunk are afflicted by the things an individual does during his or her lifetime. These modified particles were thought to migrate via claret to the reproductive cells and subsequently could be inherited by the next generation. This was a variation of Lamarck's incorrect idea of the "inheritance of acquired characteristics."
- phenotype
- the observable or detectable characteristics of an individual organism--the detectable expression of a genotype.
- pleiotropy
- the situation in which a single cistron is responsible for a variety of traits. The collective group of symptoms known as sickle-jail cell trait is an example.
- polygenic trait
- an inherited trait that is determined by genes at two or more loci. Simple Mendelian rules of authorization do not employ to the complex interaction of these genes. As a upshot, phenotypes may appear as apparent blends or intermediate expressions. Human being skin and hair color are polygenic traits. Many polygenic traits are also influenced by environmental factors.
- principle of independent assortment
- Gregor Mendel'south second principle of genetic inheritance. It states that different pairs of genes are passed to offspring independently and then that new combinations of genes, present in neither parent, are possible. In other words, the distribution of one pair of alleles does not influence the distribution of another pair. The genes controlling unlike traits are inherited independently of one another.
- principle of segregation
- Gregor Mendel's first principle of genetic inheritance. It states that, for any detail trait, the pair of genes of each parent separate (during the formation of sex cells) and only i factor from each parent passes on to an offspring. In other words, genes occur in pairs (because chromosomes occur in pairs). During gamete product, the members of each cistron pair separate, so that each gamete contains ane member of each pair. During fertilization, the full number of chromosomes is restored, and members of factor pairs are reunited.
- probability
- the likelihood that a specific event will occur. Probability is usually expressed equally the ratio of the number of actual occurrences to the number of possible occurrences.
- proteins
- any of a large number of circuitous organic molecules that are composed of one or more than chains of amino acids. Proteins can serve a wide diversity of functions through their ability to bind to other molecules. Proteins may be enzymes, hormones, antibodies, structural components, or gas-transporting molecules.
- proteome
- the full complement of proteins produced past an individual (or a species). It is estimated that each human produces approximately 90,000 types of proteins. See Human Genome Project.
- psoriasis
- an inherited disease characterized past recurring thick, reddish patches of inflamed skin. Information technology affects men and women equally. This trait is subject to genome imprinting.
- Punnett square
- a simple graphical method of showing all of the potential combinations of offspring genotypes that tin occur and their probability given the parent genotypes. See example beneath. Punnett squares are ordinarily used past genetics counselors to predict the odds of a couple passing on particular inherited traits.
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- purebred
- offspring that are the result of mating between genetically similar kinds of parents--the opposite of hybrid. Purebred is the aforementioned as true breeding.
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- R -
- recessive allele
- an allele that is masked in the phenotype past the presence of a dominant allele. Recessive alleles are expressed in the phenotype when the genotype is homozygous recessive (aa).
- regulator gene
- a cistron that can initiate or block the functions of other genes. Regulator genes control the timing of product of a diverseness of chemicals in humans and other organisms. Before long later on conception, regulator genes work every bit main switches orchestrating the timely development of our body parts. They are as well responsible for changes that occur in our bodies every bit we grow older. Regulator genes are also called homeotic genes.
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- S -
- sexual activity jail cell
- a gamete, either a sperm or an ovum. Sex cells are produced by the meiosis process. See somatic cell.
- sex activity-controlled gene
- a gene that can be inherited past both genders but is usually expressed differently in males and females. See sex-limited factor.
- sex-limited factor
- a gene that can exist inherited past both genders but is usually expressed in only males or females. See sex-controlled gene.
- sickle-cell trait
- a genetically inherited recessive condition in which red blood cells are distorted resulting in severe anemia and related symptoms that are frequently fatal in childhood. Sickle-cell trait is the result of a pleiotropic gene. Sickle-prison cell trait is also known as sickle-prison cell anemia.
- somatic cell
- any jail cell in the body except those directly involved with reproduction. Nigh cells in multicellular plants and animals are somatic cells. They reproduce by mitosis. Run across sex jail cell.
- sperm
- a male sex cell or gamete.
- stuttering alleles
- defective alleles that have segments which are doubled in their transmission from generation to generation. In the case of genetically inherited diseases, the result is increasingly severe symptoms each generation. The myotonic grade of muscular dystrophy is an example. Stuttering alleles are also known equally unstable alleles.
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- T -
- Tay-Sachs Disease
- a genetically inherited condition caused past the disability to produce the enzyme hexosaminidase A. This results in progressively increased fluid pressure on the brain and the subsequent degeneration of the brain and nervous system beginning about 6 months of age and inevitably resulting in death usually by age two-3. The gene responsible for Tay-Sachs Disease is recessive. It has been most mutual among the descendents of Eastern European Jews (Ashkenazi Jews).
- true breeding
- come across purebred.
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- U -
- unit inheritance
- Gregor Mendel's idea that the characteristics of parents are passed on to descendants unchanged as units. In other words, the hereditary fabric of whatever organism is fabricated up of discrete units (now chosen genes).
- unstable alleles
- see stuttering alleles.
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- virus
- a category of extremely small microscopic parasites of plants, animals, and leaner. Viruses are not cells but rather RNA or DNA molecules surrounded by a protein coating. Since viruses cannot reproduce without a host cell, they are not strictly speaking living organisms.
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- X -
- X-linked
- referring to a gene that is carried past an X sex chromosome.
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- zygote
- a "fertilized" ovum. More precisely, this is a jail cell that is formed when a sperm and an ovum combine their chromosomes at conception. A zygote contains the full complement of chromosomes (in humans 46) and has the potential of developing into an entire organism.
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Copyright � 1997-2012 by Dennis O'Neil. All rights reserved.
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Source: https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/mendel/glossary.htm
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